<p>Springville Center for the Arts is a non-profit community multi-arts center located at Springville in Erie County, New York. It is housed in the historic The Baptist Church of Springville, a historic Baptist church. It was built in 1869, and is a red brick Late Gothic Revival-style church with limestone trim. It features a square corner bell tower.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Springville Center for the Arts opened in a store front location in 1998. The organization grew out of the long-standing community theater organization, the Springville Players, after a series of town hall meetings with interested artists and actors. The former Brown&#39;s Shoe Store was converted into a black box theater with adjoining gallery and reception space. Initial programming quickly expanded to include youth theater productions, a cinema program, workshops, a writers workshop and concerts.</p><br>
<p>In June 2007, the organization purchased a Baptist church dating to the 1860s. All programming is currently done at an interim setup at the site with extensive exterior restoration and interior renovations planned.</p><br>
<h2>Springville Players</h2><br>
<p>The Springville Players began producing live community theater in the 1966 with "Mr. Roberts". For the first thirty-two years, theater events took place at the Springville Griffith High School auditorium, Bluemont, and Springville Griffith Elementary School amongst other temporary locations before moving to a rented space at 35 East Main Street. Programming typically includes one drama, comedy and a musical per season and is coordinated by a volunteer committee. Starting in 2003 with Les Mis, an additional summer youth production was added.</p><br>
<h2>Harold L. Olmsted Gallery</h2><br>
<p>With the creation of an Arts Center in 1998, Springville Players, later Springville Center for the Arts, Inc., added a community gallery. Volunteers curated approximately twelve exhibits per year. The Harold L. Olmsted Gallery, named after a local notable architect, landscape architect and artist, was dedicated at the new facility on August 10, 2010, and continues to exhibit work by local artists.</p><br>
<p>The Dr. Ephraim McDowell House, also known as McDowell House, was a home of medical doctor Ephraim McDowell.</p><br>
<p>The home was declared a USA National Historic Landmark in 1966 for its role as the site of the world&#39;s first ovariotomy, performed without anesthesia by Dr. McDowell in 1809.</p><br>
<h2>Ephraim McDowell biography</h2><br>
<p>Ephraim McDowell (November 11, 1771 &ndash; June 25, 1830) was an American physician.</p><br>
<p>He was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia and moved with his family to Danville, Kentucky in 1784. He studied under Dr. Humphrey in Staunton, Virginia, then attended lectures in medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Scotland, from 1793 to 1794 and studied privately with John Bell. In 1795. he returned from Scotland, settled in Danville, Kentucky and began his practice as a surgeon.</p><br>
<p>Dr. McDowell played a prominent role in his community. He was a founder of Trinity Episcopal Church in Danville and a founder and original corporator of Centre College in Danville. Dr. McDowell became a member of the Philadelphia Medical Society in 1817.</p><br>
<p>He removed a urinary stone and repaired a hernia for James K. Polk.</p><br>
<p>On December 13, 1809, Dr. McDowell diagnosed an ovarian tumor in Jane Todd Crawford of Green County, Kentucky, In his house on Christmas morning, 1809, Dr. McDowell removed a 22.5 lb tumor without anesthetic or antisepsis. Mrs. Crawford made an uncomplicated recovery, returning to her home 25 days later and living another 32 years. This was the first successful removal of an ovarian tumor in the world.</p><br>
<h2>House history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in three stages. A brick ell was constructed 1792–1795. Dr. McDowell purchased it in late 1802. He added the front, clapboard portion in 1803–1804 and the small brick office to the left of the back porch in 1820. The house was remodeled at the same time.</p><br>
<p>After McDowell&#39;s death in 1830 the house was sold. It was the home of a Centre College president for a short time. Later the entire area became slum and tenement property. The house deteriorated badly. Dr. August Schachner, of Louisville, led the efforts to buy the house for restoration. In 1921 he visited the house. "Since our last visit, the house has continued its downward course until it has reached a point where it now seems almost beyond redemption. The room that served as the original office of Dr. McDowell is now used as a shoe-shining booth for Negroes. The room in the rear of the corresponding front room on the second floor,"(the operating room) "which is on a lower level by several feet, is used as a dump for the ashes from the grates of the rooms on the second floor."</p><br>
<p>The bought the house in 1935 and deeded it to the state of Kentucky, who had it restored by Works Progress Administration (WPA). It was dedicated on May 20, 1939. In 1948, Kentucky returned the property to the Kentucky Medical Association.</p><br>
<p>The restored the Apothecary Shop in the late 1950s with help from the. It was furnished by the Pfizer Laboratories. It was dedicated and presented to the Kentucky Medical Association on August 14, 1959.</p><br>
<p>Wendover, also known as Frontier Nursing Service or Big House, is a historic house and former medical care facility near Hyden, Kentucky. Built in 1925, it is notable for its association with the American effort to professionalize midwifery, led by Mary Breckinridge . It was headquarters of the Frontier Nursing Service, an organization which continues today. Wendover was named a USA National Historic Landmark in 1991 for this role. It now serves as a bed and breakfast inn and retreat operated by the Service&#39;s successor, Frontier Nursing University.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Wendover is located in a rural setting about 4 mi south of Hyden, Kentucky on a south-facing hillside, overlooking the Middle Fork of the Kentucky River. The principal building of the complex now on the property is a -story log structure covered with gabled roofs. It is roughly laid out as two wings joined by a central section, having begun as a traditional dogtrot house. Two large stone chimneys project through the main roof line. Windows are typically of the casement style, with larger windows in the more public spaces of the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>Mary Breckinridge, a Tennessee native, was exposed from a relatively early age to both midwifery and nursing, formally studying the latter in the early 1900s. During the First World War she was exposed to rural community health services in Scotland, an idea she thought to transfer to rural parts of the United States. She chose rural eastern Kentucky in part for its daunting logistical difficulties. Wendover became her home and a training facility for a network of clinics she established in the region. The Frontier Nursing Services is now based out of facilities in Hyden, and its training service is now Frontier Nursing University. The Wendover property now serves as a retreat center and bed-and-breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Hall is the administrative center of Berea College in Berea, Kentucky. Built in 1887 and named in honor of Abraham Lincoln, it was declared to be a USA National Historic Landmark in 1974 in recognition of the college&#39;s role as the first school of higher education in the nation established to provide a racially integrated educational environment.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Lincoln Hall is centrally located on the campus of Berea College, just northwest of the junction of Chestnut and Prospect Street, on the south side of the campuss central quadrangle. It is a three-story brick building, covered by a hip roof and exhibiting modest Romanesque architectural features. It was built in 1887, originally with first floor for classrooms and offices, with second floor for classrooms and a library, and with third floor for laboratories, a museum and meeting rooms. It was funded by donation from Roswell C. Smith, founder of Century Magazine. As the college grew, uses of the hall changed. By 1974, the building was used for the Presidents office and other administrative functions, a role it continues to play today.</p><br>
<p>Berea College was founded in 1855 by John Gregg Fee, but was closed during the American Civil War due to threatened violence against its principles of racial integration. It is significant as the first college established in the United States expressly for the goal of educating black and white students together, a principle it upheld until the early 20th century. In 1904, the state passed a law forcing Berea to segregate, resulting in the landmark Berea College v. Kentucky case in which the law was upheld.</p><br>
<p>The Green River Shell Middens Archeological District is a historic district composed of archaeological sites in the USA state of Kentucky. All of the district&#39;s sites are shell middens along the banks of the Green River that date from the later portion of the Archaic period. Studies of this assemblage of sites were critical in the development of knowledge of the Archaic period in the eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>Kentucky&#39;s Green River runs through a broad alluvial plain, from which outcroppings of bedrock project. The plain is an area that was inundated during the Pleistocene by a water body dubbed Lake Green, which resulted in the deposition of large amounts of silt. The middens of this district are typically located along the prehistoric routes of waterways that were established after Lake Green was drained. Archaic period Native Americans were drawn to these waterways by an abundance of mussels.</p><br>
<p>The district was established and named a National Historic Landmark on May 5, 1994. Each of the district&#39;s twenty-three contributing properties had previously been listed on the National Register of Historic Places by itself. The sites are distributed among five counties: Butler County (BT), Henderson County (HE), McLean County (McL), Muhlenberg County (MU), and Ohio County (OH).</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The district comprises the following sites, listed by their Smithsonian trinomials; names are provided for named sites.</p><br>
<p>Glen Lake Childrens Camp is a former childrens camp for victims of tuberculosis. The camp was part of the Glen Lake Sanatorium on the border of Minnetonka and Eden Prairie, Minnesota. Although the main sanatorium buildings were demolished in 1993, the childrens camp portion remained intact. The camp is Minnesotas only known surviving camp for children who had tuberculosis, and it reflects the philanthropic efforts of its founders, George H. and Leonora Christian. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 5, 1999.</p><br>
<p>Tuberculosis was becoming a major health problem in Minnesota around the turn of the 20th century, with more than 20,000 Minnesotans dying of the disease between 1887 and 1899. The Minnesota Legislature created the Minnesota State Sanatorium for Consumptives on Leech Lake near Walker, Minnesota, in 1907. The sanatorium at Leech Lake wasn&#39;t able to handle the increasing demand for tuberculosis patients, so the Legislature passed a bill allowing counties to build their own sanatoria. Hennepin County began construction of the Glen Lake Sanatorium in 1914, and it opened in 1916.</p><br>
<p>The childrens camp was established by George H. and Leonora Christian. George H. Christian was a flour buyer who partnered with Governor Cadwallader C. Washburn. Leonora dedicated herself to the fight against tuberculosis, and in 1906, she established a summer camp in Minneapolis for children with tuberculosis. The camp moved to Glenwood Park (now Theodore Wirth Park) in 1909, staffed by the Visiting Nurses Association. In 1925, the Visiting Nurses Association determined that they could no longer operate the camp. The Childrens Aid Society, a foundation established by George H. Christian in 1916, offered to build a permanent childrens camp. Glen Lake Sanatorium was willing to provide land and management. Glen Lake Childrens Camp opened on June 12, 1925.</p><br>
<p>When antibiotic treatments became available for tuberculosis in the 1940s, the era of tuberculosis treatment began to draw to a close. The childrens camp ceased operation in 1950, and the Leech Lake Sanatorium closed in 1962 and transferred its patients to Glen Lake. The last tuberculosis patient was discharged in 1976. The sanatorium complex, with the exception of the childrens camp, was demolished in 1993. In 1997, most of the land became the Glen Lake Golf and Practice Center operated by Three Rivers Park District. The children&#39;s camp is still in operation, leased to True Friends and operated by Eden Wood Center.</p><br>
<p>The Fallen Timbers Battlefield was the site of the Battle of Fallen Timbers on 20 August 1794. The battle, a decisive American victory over Native American and British opponents, effectively ended the Northwest Indian War, securing the Old Northwest for settlement. An area believed to be the battle site, located in Maumee, Ohio, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1960. That site, now the Fallen Timbers State Memorial, is about 0.25 mi south of the actual battlefield, which was identified in 1995, and much of which is now preserved as part of the Fallen Timbers Battlefield and Fort Miamis National Historic Site along with Fort Miami. The National Historic Site was established in 1999 as a partnership between the National Park Service, Metroparks Toledo, and the Ohio History Connection.</p><br>
<h2>Setting</h2><br>
<p>The battlefield site is a parcel 187 acre in size, located in southwestern Maumee, bounded by Interstate 475 to the east, United States Route 24 to the south, Jerome Road to the west, and a railroad right of way south of Monclova Road to the north. Most of the area is relatively flat and open, except for the central area, which is a heavily wooded ravine that was a major feature of the terrain that influenced the course of the battle.</p><br>
<p>The site was relatively undisturbed for most of its time after the battle, seeing logging and some agricultural activity. The ravine was apparently left undisturbed due to the difficulty of its terrain. The battlefield area was identified by an archaeological survey in 1995, and further investigation in 2001 identified the locations of the battle lines and other features.</p><br>
<h2>State Memorial</h2><br>
<p>The state memorial is located south of the national historic site, between US 24 and the Maumee River. It is 9 acre in size, set on high ground overlooking the river valley. The principal features of the site are three commemorative items: the Battle of Fallen Timbers Monument, installed in 1929, a plaque listing the United States Army soldiers who fought in the battle, and Turkey Foot Rock. The latter is a boulder on which a turkey foot has been carved, supposedly marking the place where Ottawa chief Turkey Foot was slain. It has been moved from its original location at the base of Presque Isle Hill, two miles south of Maumee City and four miles south of the site of Fort Miamis. From what we now know about the location of the battle, that location was not within the battlefield.</p><br>
<p>Although this site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, an updated landmark nomination is being prepared to correct the boundaries to include the actual battlefield site.</p><br>
<p>Rim Village is the main area for tourist services in Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon, United States. It is located on the southwest rim of the caldera overlooking Crater Lake. The National Park Service designed Rim Village to concentrate park services at a location that provided easy access to rim trails and view points. Because of the unique rustic architecture of the Rim Village structures and the surrounding park landscape, the area was listed as Rim Village Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Crater Lake lies inside a caldera created 7,700 years ago when the 12,000 ft high Mount Mazama collapsed following a large volcanic eruption. Over the following millennium, the caldera was filled with rain water forming today&#39;s lake. The Klamath Indians revered Crater Lake for its deep blue waters. In 1853, three gold miners found the lake, and named it Deep Blue Lake. However, because the lake was so high in the Cascade Mountains the discovery was soon forgotten.</p><br>
<p>In 1886, Captain Clarence Dutton, commander of a United States Geological Survey party, carried a half-ton survey boat, the Cleetwood, up the steep mountain slope and lowered it 2,000 ft into the lake. From the Cleetwood, Dutton used piano wire to measure the depth of the lake at 168 different points. The survey team determined the lake was 1,996 ft deep. This is surprisingly close to the modern sonar based readings made in 1959 that established the lake&#39;s deepest point at 1,932 ft.</p><br>
<p>William Gladstone Steel accompanied Dutton to Crater Lake in 1886. He named many of the lakes landmarks including Wizard Island, Llao Rock, and Skell Head, and participated in lake surveys that provided scientific evidence of the lakes uniqueness. After his return, he began advocating that Crater Lake be established as a national park.</p><br>
<h2>Park history</h2><br>
<p>On 22 May 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill making Crater Lake the Nations sixth national park. The United States Department of Interior was charged with developing road access and visitor services for the park. This was a difficult job because of the parks remote location at the summit of the Cascade Mountains. By 1905, a "steep and tortuous" road leading to the crater rim was completed. This access road was essential for the development of the Rim Village area.</p><br>
<p>In 1905, William Gladstone Steel brought professional photographer Frederick H. Kiser to Crater Lake. Many of the early photographs of the park are Kiser&#39;s work. In 1907, Steel established the Crater Lake Company to run "Camp Crater" which provided park visitors with basic services.</p><br>
<p>Crater Lake Lodge was the first major building constructed in the area that is now Rim Village. It was begun in 1909 by the Crater Lake Company. The lodge was located close to the edge of the rim to ensure visitors had views of the lake and the surrounding caldera. Because of the remote location and short construction season, the lodge was not finished until 1915.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service was established in 1916. This was an important step toward creating long-term development plans for National Parks like Crater Lake. In addition to establishing the National Park Service, the United States Congress began appropriating funds for various park projects. However, the United States entry into World War I slowed development of the parks infrastructure.</p><br>
<p>After the war, the Army Corps of Engineers built several hiking trails radiating out from the lodge area. This allowed park visitors to make day-trip to Watchman Peak on the west rim and Garfield Peak on the south rim, and return to the lodge by evening. In 1921, Fred Kiser was given permission to construct a stone building near the edge of the rim where he could sell his hand colored photographs of Crater Lake. By 1924, a number of amenities were available in the "Village" area. These included the lodge, a public campground, Kiser&#39;s studio, a park community center for special programs, and public comfort stations.</p><br>
<h2>Village development</h2><br>
<p>By 1927, the area around the lodge was called "Rim Village" by both visitors and park staff. The National Park Service approved a master plan for development of Rim Village in 1927, and Congress provided funds to begin implementing the plan. The development program was overseen by the National Park Services Landscape Engineering Division, headed by Thomas C. Vint. Over the next fourteen years, Crater Lakes infrastructure was developed in accordance with the parks master plan. As a result, park buildings from this era reflect a common character consistent with National Park Services rustic design style.</p><br>
<p>Development at Rim Village was curtailed during World War II. Maintenance became the primary concern of the park staff, as Civilian Conservation Corps manpower disappeared with the onset of the war. This began a period of decline in Rim Village.</p><br>
<p>In 1955, the National Park Service implemented a new program to restore park facilities throughout the nation. The program&#39;s main thrust was to standardize national park facilities across the country. In Rim Village, some rustic features were replaced or covered over in the effort to modernize park facilities and original landscape elements were altered or removed. Later the Rim Village campground was removed entirely and the site converted into a day-use picnic area. The rustic tables and fireplaces were replaced with more contemporary models.</p><br>
<p>Despite the changes, the design features of the original master plan still dominate Rim Village. The main buildings, general landscape, pathways, and rim trails remain consistent with the original design.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>There are six primary buildings in the Rim Village Historic District. Five of them are original structures; however, all six reflect the rustic style of architecture which is the common design theme that makes the Rim Village historically unique.</p><br>
<p>Crater Lake Lodge is located at the east end of Rim Village. It was built by a private developer between 1909 and 1915. The lodge was expanded in 1922. The National Park Service acquired the lodge in 1967. It was completely reconstructed in 1991. The lodge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981 (NRHP #81000096).</p><br>
<p>The Sinnott Memorial Observation Station was built into the caldera cliff overlooking the lake. The structure was designed by landscape architect Merel S. Sager, a pioneer of the rustic style of park architecture. The building includes a small natural history museum with exhibits that highlight the geologic history of Mount Mazama and the formation of Crater Lake. The building was officially dedicated on 16 July 1931 as the Nicholas J. Sinnott Memorial Observation Station and Museum. The Sinnott Memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 (NRHP #88002623).</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s public Cafeteria and Gift Shop was built in 1928. The cafeteria was renovated in 1956 and 1970. In 2007, the original cafeteria was torn down and replaced with a modern dining facility designed in the rustic style so it remains consistent with the character of the historic districts.</p><br>
<p>The Community House was built in 1924. It was used for park programs until 1989. The National Park Service considered demolishing the building, but decided to renovate it instead. It was returned to its historic use in 2001.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the six main buildings there are several secondary buildings in the Rim Village Historic District. Significant among these minor buildings is Comfort Station #4 (building 72). It is an original building constructed in the early 1930s. This building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988 as Comfort Station No. 72 (NRHP #88002625). The building remains an important part of the Rim Village landscape, despite minor alterations made to the structure when it was converted from a comfort station to an electrical transformer vault.</p><br>
<h2>Roads and pathways</h2><br>
<p>Pathways are located throughout Rim Village to provide pedestrian access to the rim viewing areas, buildings and parking lots. The main pedestrian paths have not changed from the original Rim Village design. The most important path is the "Rim Promenade" constructed between 1928 and 1932. It follows the crater rim approximately 2,500 ft from the Garfield Peak trailhead east of Crater Lake Lodge to a point at the west end of Rim Village. View points along the Promenade provide excellent vistas of Crater Lake&#39;s blue water, Wizard Island, and the 1,000 ft high caldera walls that surround the lake. Various spur pathways provide access to the Crater Lake Lodge, Sinnott Memorial, Rim Village Plaza, and parking areas.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Rim Village is located in the Cascade Mountains, 7,100 ft above sea level. In the Rim Village area, winter lasts eight months with an average snowfall of 533 in per year, and many snow banks remain well into the summer. While access to the Rim Village is normally year-round, the cafeteria and gift shop are the only facilities open in winter. During the winter months, park rangers led snowshoe walks on weekends and holidays. In the summer, rangers offer daily programs that highlight the geologic history of Mount Mazama, the formation of Crater Lake, the lakes unique nature features, the science behind the lakes blue water, and park history.</p><br>
<p>The Eugene V. Debs House, on the campus of Indiana State University in Terre Haute, Indiana, was a home of union leader Eugene V. Debs. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966. The museum is maintained by the Eugene V. Debs Foundation, a non-profit educational foundation.</p><br>
<p>Eugene V. Debs and his wife, Kate, built the two-story frame house in 1890, after their fifth wedding anniversary. Debs was criticized for the house not portraying working-class lifestyle; his wife was a beneficiary of her wealthy aunts will and could furnish the house affluently. Visitors to Debs house during his lifetime included friends James Whitcomb Riley and Carl Sandburg; one room in the house to this day is known as the Riley bedroom. When Debs died in 1926, a funeral sermon was given for him at the house, attended by 5000 people.</p><br>
<p>Original features of the house include the cobalt blue porcelain tile fireplace imported from Italy, the mahogany dining and parlor furniture, and the entire set of Haviland china. The house is also a museum, with many memorabilia of Debs life and some of his personal library, much of which is across the street at the library of Indiana State University. One room is covered by murals depicting Debs life.</p><br>
<p>After Debs&#39; death, the house would see different owners. One was a professor at Indiana State University. It was used as the Theta Chi fraternity house from 1948 to 1961, and briefly was let as apartments. In 1962, the home was bought by the Eugene V. Debs Foundation, which continues to own the house. In 1965, it was made an official Indiana historic site by the Indiana General Assembly. In 1966, the home was made an official National Historic Landmark of the National Parks system of the Department of the Interior. In 2004, it was removed from threatened status after sufficient repairs to the structure occurred to ensure its permanence. Today, the preservation of the property is monitored by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Bailly Homestead, also known as Joseph Bailly Homestead and Cemetery, in Porter, Indiana, is a USA National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The Bailly Homestead is preserved by the National Park Service in Indiana Dunes National Park in Porter, Indiana. The Homestead was the home of Joseph Aubert de Gaspé Bailly de Messein (1774-1835), one of the first permanent white settlers in Northwest Indiana. This homestead, begun in 1834, is one of the only surviving elements of the once-significant fur trade in the region. It received its landmark designation in 1962.</p><br>
<p>Bailly brought his family to the southern shore of Lake Michigan in 1822, first living in a log house built soon afterward. The Homestead remained in the family until the death of his granddaughter, Frances Howe, in 1917. The Homestead is sometimes referred to as the "Bailly-Howe" Home. The National Park Service acquired the Homestead on November 26, 1971.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Bailly acquired the Homestead and surrounding lands during the 1830s when the Calumet was opened to white settlement. When he died in 1835, the Homestead went to his wife. At her death in 1866, it went to their daughter Rose Bailly Howe. Rose Howe&#39;s daughter Frances inherited the property in 1891 when Rose died. Frances offered the property to the Literary Society of St. Catherine of Sienna in 1914. The Society did not accept the gift.</p><br>
<p>At Frances Howe&#39;s death (1917) the property was temporarily held by Louis G. Horne from September 1, to September 23, 1919. In September 1919, it was deeded to the School Sisters of Notre Dame of the Lake, Milwaukee, Wisconsin</p><br>
<h2>Homestead</h2><br>
<p>Originally the Homestead included the house, and eight other structures to the west of the drive. There would also have been stables for the coach horses and phaeton.</p><br>
<h2>Bailly House</h2><br>
<p>Construction began shortly before 1835, the year of Joseph Baillys death. The house is 2½-stories built out of "hewn logs of cedar and oak, closely fitted, and pinned at the corners." The house was then sided with lapped weather boards. After Josephs death, his daughter Ester Bailly Whistlers family lived in the house and appeared to have made no changes. When they moved to Denver, Esters sister Rose Bailly Howes family assumed occupancy. Roses husband, Francis Howe, arranged to sell timber from the Homestead for the construction of a nearby railroad (for which he was an employee). Francis remodeled and installed a kitchen in the basement. After Francis Howe&#39;s death, the husband of Hortense Bailly Wicker (Joel) took over management. He apparently did not modify the house.</p><br>
<p>Before her death, the widow Marie Bailly and her daughters, Rose Howe and Teresa, along with Roses two girls, returned. The house was in need of repairs. Minor repairs were completed before Maries death. After Marie Bailly&#39;s death, the homestead was vacant from 1869 until about 1891. At that time, extensive work was done to replace floors and walls.</p><br>
<h3>Dining room</h3><br>
<p>The Baillys held Mass in their home for years when circuit-riding priests (Roman Catholics) were traveling through. The family and other Catholics in the area attended Mass. "Tradition holds that mass was celebrated from a makeshift altar - a table, placed in front of the dining room fireplace."</p><br>
<p>The dining room had heaved eal flooring and whitewood ceilings and wood paneling. Peter G. Larson paneled the dining room and installed new flooring throughout the house for Mrs. Howe. His work was repaired by Mr. La Roche in the 1930s-1950s. The dining room occupies the western half of the first floor of the house, sharing the floor with the living room in its eastern half and a center hall. The dining room is as it was around 1910. An ornate mantelpiece was carved by Miss Cora Green, the daughter of a Chesterton physician.</p><br>
<h3>Living room</h3><br>
<p>The east side of the house is occupied by the living room. The room is plaster walls with exposed ceiling beams (which may not be structurally needed). There is a fireplace at the center of the east wall.</p><br>
<p>The earliest descriptions are from about 1910. It is described as a pleasant, light and lived-in room. At that time, the ceiling may have been paneled and the fireplace faced with blue and white Delft tiles. Above the mantel, the fireplace was unfinished. Margaret Larsen recalled that Rose Howe had a sofa on the inside wall facing the fireplace. There was tapestry hanging behind the sofa.</p><br>
<h3>Conservatory</h3><br>
<p>Miss Howe had a conservatory off the living room. It was added on in 1910. It is a small rectangular room set below the main floor. It was designed to receive plenty of light.</p><br>
<h3>Hall and porches</h3><br>
<p>A central hallway runs from the front porch to the back porch. The porches extend the entire width of the house on both the first and second floors.</p><br>
<h2>Log house</h2><br>
<p>The two-storey log building was built as a "landscape companion" to the Chapel just south of it. The building was built with logs salvaged from two older buildings. It is believed to have been built by Rose Howe after her return from Europe in 1874. A night-watchman lived on the ground floor.</p><br>
<h2>Storehouse</h2><br>
<p>Originally, larger, the existing storehouse was formed from the good logs of an older trading structure used by Joseph Bailly.</p><br>
<h2>Summer kitchen and chapel</h2><br>
<p>Originally a two-story kitchen, this is where Joseph Bailly and his stepdaughter Theresa de la Vigne died. When the widow Marie Bailly returned in 1855, she chose this building as her home. The outside chimney had fallen and the space closed. She lived here until her death in 1866. From 1866 to 1869 Rose Bailly Howe and her daughters Rose and Frances held Sunday devotions in this building. Mrs. Howe commissioned a local carpenter to rebuild it into a chapel.</p><br>
<p>A new brick foundation was laid with wooden sills. Flooring from the kitchen&#39;s second floor was reused for the chapel floor. The interior was plastered and the building completed by 1874. It remained unchanged until 1900 when materials from the main house were used for repairs. Materials from the parlor were used as that is where the family had held devotions before. This is when the apse was added. Whitewood from the parlor ceiling was used on the chapel ceiling. The building may have been moved northward about twenty-five feet.</p><br>
<p>While the Sisters of Notre Dame used the homestead, they did not use this chapel, but used a front bedroom on the second floor as a chapel. It then remained unused until 1946, when the new owner, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph LaRoche, rented it out as a residence. No additional alterations were made.</p><br>
<h2>Brick house</h2><br>
<p>To the southwest of the main house is the brick house. It was built in 1874 by Miss Rose Howe after her return from Europe. Miss Howe died in 1879, dating the construction 3–4 years earlier. The second floor was a studio and the ground floor was used as the kitchen.</p><br>
<h2>Bailly Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is three-quarters of a mile north on the edge of a sand ridge. The first recorded burial was Robert, the son of Joseph Bailly, in about 1827. Subsequently, the site has been considered a family graveyard. Burials of those outside the Bailly family are numerous. Today, they are all unmarked, including Swedish residents of the area. Outside the cemetery platform to the north there are eight recorded tombstones, two of which are older than 1827: Peter Carlbon, 1814; and Thomas B. Speer, 1817.</p><br>
<p>The General Lew Wallace Study & Museum, formerly known as the Ben-Hur Museum, is located in Crawfordsville, Indiana. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976, Guided tours of the study are available for a small admission fee; the Carriage House Interpretive Center and grounds are open to the public free of charge.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lew Wallace is most famous for his military service and his novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1880). He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, participating in the Battle of Fort Donelson, Battle of Shiloh, and Battle of Monocacy as well as managing operations for the Union Army in Indiana in July 1863 when Confederate general John Hunt Morgan invaded the state during Morgans Raid. After the war, he served on the military commission that tried John Wilkes Booths assistants in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as well as presiding over the court that resulted in the execution of Henry Wirz for the Union deaths at Andersonville prison.</p><br>
<p>In the postwar years, he began seriously writing, publishing his first novel in 1873. In 1880 he published Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ, a novel set during the time of Jesus Christ in the Roman Empire; it sold poorly at first, but soon became the bestselling novel of the nineteenth century, and continued as first until the publication of Gone with the Wind. Considered "the most influential Christian book of the nineteenth century," it has never gone out of print, and has been adapted for four films. In addition, Wallace worked as a lawyer, governor to New Mexico Territory, and ambassador to Turkey. His creative pursuits included a total of seven books: novels and biographies; art, inventing, and music.</p><br>
<p>Wallace was said to have built the study because he wanted "a pleasure-house for my soul," that would be "a detached room away from the world and its worries." Wallace died in his home on February 15, 1905. Upon his death, his family allowed the public to tour his study. In 1941 the city of Crawfordsville was given the property by a local civic organization, which purchased the property to donate it to the city.</p><br>
<p>Wallace&#39;s former house was mostly razed, with only its dining room, living room, and floored central hall remaining as part of a modern ranch-style house; it is not part of the National Register designation.</p><br>
<p>The carriage house opened in 2006 as the Carriage House Interpretive Center, and is now the launching point for visitor experiences. Formerly used by the Girl Scouts and the Camp Fire Girls,</p><br>
<p>it houses an exhibit that changes annually, gift shop, orientation video, offices and collection storage.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The study took three years to finish, from 1895 to 1898, and cost $25,000–$30,000 to build. Wallace built the eclectic structure with influence from Byzantine, Greek, and Romanesque styles. It is one-story and made of garnet-colored brick. The domed copper roof is 30 ft tall, with a cupola of copper, glass and steel protecting a large skylight over the main room. Bedford limestone, native to southern Indiana, was used for the porches and exterior trim. The limestone frieze, crowning the top of the walls, was hand-carved. A face in the center of the frieze on each side of the building represents characters from two of General Wallaces books. On the tower is Princess Irene, on the back is the Prince of India, both from The Prince of India; to the east is Ben-Hurs sister, Tirzah, and over the entry is Judah Ben-Hur, both from Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>When the city of Crawfordsville acquired the structure, it became known as the Ben-Hur Museum; it is officially called the General Lew Wallace Study & Museum. It still exhibits many of the 1,200 books Wallace owned. The furniture in the study is original, including the chair that Wallace used when writing his masterwork, Ben-Hur (which he completed long before building the study). Among the other artifacts in the collection are his military uniforms, artwork, musical instruments, and the fishing rod he invented. Art includes the portrait of the daughter of the sultan of Turkey, which he gave to Wallace in 1885. The annual exhibits in the Carriage House Interpretive Center highlight different facets of Wallace as a Renaissance man; previous exhibits include Collective Influence: The Wallace Women, Lew Wallace - Gentleman Scientist, and Embattled: General Wallace&#39;s Leadership in the Civil War. The 3.5 acre of land on which the study sits is a public park, and many use it as a place to picnic, walk dogs, and take family photographs amid the flower beds. In recent years it has seen increased use from geo-cachers searching for a cache on site.</p><br>
<p>Guided tours of the study are available for a small admission fee; the Carriage House Interpretive Center and grounds are open to the public free of charge.</p><br>
<p>The Silk Covered Bridge is a covered bridge, carrying Silk Road across the Walloomsac River between downtown Bennington, Vermont and the village of North Bennington, United States. A Town lattice truss bridge, it was built in 1840, and is one of three covered bridges across the river in fairly close proximity. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Silk Covered Bridge is located roughly midway between downtown Bennington and North Bennington, on Silk Road, which connects Vermont Route 67A and Vermont Route 279. The bridge has a relatively rural setting. It is oriented north-south across the west-flowing Walloomsac River. Its northern abutment is original stone slab, which has been faced in concrete, while the southern abutment is a reconstructed concrete structure. The bridge is a Town lattice truss, 88 ft long, with a single-lane roadway 15 ft wide. The sides of the bridge are clad in vertical boards, as are the insides of the portals, while the outside portal ends are finished in flush horizontal boards. In the center part of the bridge, the boards do not rise the full height of the truss.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was probably built in 1840 by Benjamin Sears, who was from a family of well-known bridge builders in the region. The family is also credited with construction of the Paper Mill Village Bridge (1889), downriver a short way from this bridge; the Burt Henry Covered Bridge is also nearby, the three bridges all on a 2 mi stretch of the river.</p><br>
<p>On August 28, 2011 the Silk bridge was damaged by flood waters as a result of Hurricane Irene. The bridge was repaired and reopened.</p><br>
<p>The International Circus Hall of Fame is a museum and hall of fame which honors important figures in circus history. It is located in Peru, Indiana, on the former grounds of the Wallace Circus and American Circus Corporation Winter Quarters, also known as the Peru Circus Farm and Valley Farms. The property includes rare surviving circus buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and was designated a National Historic Landmark for its historical importance.</p><br>
<h2>Property history</h2><br>
<p>The Peru property was a prosperous farm when it was purchased in 1891 by Benjamin Wallace, owner of the Wallace Circus. From then until 1944 the property served as the winter quarters for a succession of circus companies, most created by succession or merger with Wallaces operation. In 1921, the American Circus Corporation acquired the property and Wallaces circus operation, and expanded the facilities. American Circus was sold to John Ringling in 1929, and it housed Ringling Brothers operations until declines in the circus business prompted its closure in 1944. The property was then returned to agricultural use, and a number of the surviving circus-related buildings were significantly altered or demolished.</p><br>
<h2>Museum history</h2><br>
<p>The Ringling Brothers Circus had established their winter quarters in Sarasota, Florida in 1927, with a large amount of help by Victor Sabattini (1916–2010), an insurance executive, who later became the president and chairman of the board. In the mid-1950s the idea to create a hall of fame to honor outstanding circus artists was conceived of by circus fans in the Sarasota community and in 1956 the Circus Hall of Fame opened. Located near the Sarasota airport, the Hall of Fame included exhibition space in several buildings filled with circus memorabilia, including personal effects from famous circus artists and impresarios – costumes, props, posters and circus wagons. In addition to the exhibits, the Circus Hall of Fame presented circus acts several times a day, during several months each year.</p><br>
<p>In addition to visits by Florida tourists, the Circus Hall of Fame received national exposure. NBC-TV broadcast "The Circus Hall of Fame All Star Circus" on Sept. 12, 1970. The host, Ed McMahon, conveyed congratulations to the four newly named inductees to the Circus Hall of Fame for 1970 including famous circus performers, The Rieffenach Sisters (bareback riders), aerialists Mayme Ward and Ira Millette, and circus impresario Billy Smart Sr.</p><br>
<p>Although up to 80,000 tourists visited the Circus Hall of Fame each year, by the late 1970s it was unprofitable and the owners prepared to close the museum. In 1980 the lease on the property expired and on May 27, 1980, the Sarasota Circus Hall of Fame had its last performance.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 a group of citizens from Peru, Indiana, learned that the effects of the Circus Hall of Fame were for sale. Interested in preserving the circus artifacts and concerned that they might be auctioned off separately, Indiana residents, businesses and the state government contributed to the purchase of the entire collection to bring it to the former Wallace property in Peru. Many other items have since been added to the original Sarasota collection, including 16 historical wagons reconstructed in the Hall of Fame wagon shop and the Peru Wagon Works Shop.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent inductees</h2><br>
<p>1958 Lillian Leitzel</p><br>
<p>1960 William C. Coup</p><br>
<p>1960 James Anthony Bailey</p><br>
<p>1960 P. T. Barnum</p><br>
<p>1961 Bird Millman</p><br>
<p>1961 The Ringling Brothers</p><br>
<p>1962 Dan Rice</p><br>
<p>1963 Adam Forepaugh</p><br>
<p>1963 May Wirth</p><br>
<p>1963 Victor Pépin</p><br>
<p>1964 Isaac Van Amburgh</p><br>
<p>1964 Philip Astley</p><br>
<p>1965 Clyde Beatty</p><br>
<p>1966 Con Colleano</p><br>
<p>1969 Mabel Stark</p><br>
<p>1970 Billy Smart Sr.</p><br>
<p>1971 Karl King</p><br>
<p>1972 Felix Adler</p><br>
<p>1972 George A. Hamid Sr.</p><br>
<p>1973 Otto Griebling</p><br>
<p>1974 Buffalo Bill Cody</p><br>
<p>1974 Tom Mix</p><br>
<p>1975 Merle Evans</p><br>
<p>1975 The Zacchini Brothers</p><br>
<p>1977 William Preston Hall</p><br>
<p>1979 The Wallenda Troupe</p><br>
<p>1980 Mollie Bailey</p><br>
<p>1981 The Albert Hodgini Troupe</p><br>
<p>1986 John Ringling North</p><br>
<p>1987 Irvin Feld</p><br>
<p>1987 Bertram Mills</p><br>
<p>1989 Lou Jacobs</p><br>
<p>1991 The Great Wilno</p><br>
<p>1994 Emmett Kelly</p><br>
<p>1996 Knie family</p><br>
<p>1997 Annie Oakley</p><br>
<p>1997 Thomas Taplin Cooke</p><br>
<p>1999 Gunther Gebel-Williams</p><br>
<p>2001 Elvin Bale</p><br>
<p>2003 Hugo Zacchini</p><br>
<p>2005 Miles White</p><br>
<p>2006 Kenneth Feld</p><br>
<p>2006 Francis Brunn</p><br>
<p>2009 Cecil B. DeMille</p><br>
<p>2009 Paul Binder</p><br>
<p>2010 Henry Ringling North</p><br>
<p>2011 Norman Barrett</p><br>
<p>2012</p><br>
<p>2014 Terry Cavaretta</p><br>
<p>2016 Barry Lubin</p><br>
<p>The First Congregational Church of Bennington, also known as the Old First Church, is a historic church in Old Bennington, Vermont. The congregation was organized in 1762 and the current meeting house was built in 1805. The building, one of the state&#39;s best examples of Federal period religious architecture, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old First Church occupies a prominent position facing the green in the center of Old Bennington, at the junction of Monument Avenue and Church Lane near the southern end of the green. It is a two-story rectangular wood-frame structure, with a projecting entry vestibule and multi-stage tower. The gabled roof has a modillioned eave, and the exterior is finished in wooden clapboards with quoined corners. The entry vestibule is also gabled, with two round-arch entrances flanking a larger central entrance, which is topped by a rounded transom and gable. The second level of the vestibule has a large Palladian window with broken pediment above, and there is a half-round window in the pediment above. The tower has pilastered corners, with a smaller Palladian window in the first stage, an open second stage octagonal belfry, and an octagonal cupola at the top.</p><br>
<p>The church congregation was organized in 1762, and its first meetinghouse was built in 1766. Due to increased participation, this building, with a seating capacity of six hundred fifty, was built in 1805, funded by the sale of pews and local levies. It was designed by builder Lavius Fillmore, who apparently borrowed heavily from Plate 35 of Asher Benjamins The Country Builders Assistant.</p><br>
<h3>Old Bennington Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>The adjacent cemetery Old Bennington Cemetery, also known as Old First Church Cemetery or Old First Congregational Church Cemetery, was designated by the Vermont legislature as "Vermont&#39;s Sacred Acre". It is the burial site of poet Robert Frost.</p><br>
<p>The Charlotte Forten Grimké House is a historic house at 1608 R Street NW in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Northwest Washington, D.C., United States. From 1881 to 1886, the house was home to Charlotte Forten Grimké , an African-American abolitionist and educator, one of the first Northerners to enter Union-controlled areas of the South during the American Civil War in order to teach freedmen and their children. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Charlotte Forten Grimké House is located northeast of Dupont Circle, on the south side of R Street, roughly midway between 16th and 17th Streets. It is a two-story masonry row house, built out of red brick. It is two bays wide, with a single-story polygonal bay on the left and entrance on the right. The door is topped by a transom window framed by a bracketed hood. The bay, main roof line, and an entrance hood all have a heavy modillioned cornice. Windows on both levels are set in segmental-arch openings with soldier brick headers. The building&#39;s construction date is not known. It was home to Charlotte Forten Grimké and her husband, Rev. Francis Grimké, from 1881 to 1885.</p><br>
<p>Charlotte Forten was born to wealthy African Americans in Philadelphia in 1838, and was steeped in abolitionist activity from an early age. In 1855 she completed training at a normal school and became a teacher and abolitionist activist. She wrote articles for William Lloyd Garrisons Liberator, the leading anti-slavery publication of the day. During the American Civil War she was chosen to teach former slaves in the South, on the Sea Islands of South Carolina as part of the "Port Royal Experiment". Following the Civil War, she was known as a supporter of womens rights, including suffrage; and as a teacher and writer. In 1894 she was co-founder of the Colored Women&#39;s League. She published poetry expressing her activism before the war. Her journals, reprinted in the 1980s, are significant as works by a free black woman in the antebellum North.</p><br>
<p>In 1878 Forten married Francis Grimké, nephew to the activist Grimké sisters. The couple resided at this house from 1881 to 1885, when Francis was pastor at the 15th Street Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>Bridges No. L-5853 and 92247 are two side-by-side bridges in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. They were built in 1904 over the Como-Harriet streetcar line, connecting the nearby Twin City Rapid Transit Company station to the line running west to Minneapolis; Bridge No. 92247 carries traffic on Lexington Avenue over the tracks and Bridge No. L-5853 carried pedestrians; the latter is an example of an early reinforced concrete arch bridge, using the Melan reinforcing system by the William S. Hewett & Company of Minneapolis.</p><br>
<p>The bridges were evaluated as part of the Reinforced-Concrete Highway Bridges in Minnesota MPS, and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Colorado Street Bridge also known as Bridge L-8803 is a masonry and brick arch bridge in Saint Paul, Minnesotas West Side neighborhood. It is 58 ft wide and consists of a single oblique span of 70 ft that was built with the arch courses running parallel to the abutments, leading to a weaker structure than other skew arch construction methods, known as a false skew arch. It was designed in 1888 by Andreas W. Munster of the Saint Paul Engineers Office</p><br>
<p>Huilua Fishpond, in Ahupuaa O Kahana State Park on windward Oʻahu, is one of the few surviving ancient Hawaiian fishponds that were still operational well into the 20th century. It was declared a USA National Historic Landmark in 1962, shortly after it had been severely damaged by the 1960 tsunami. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 29, 1962.</p><br>
<p>The fishpond may have started as a sandbar where ocean currents met the stream mouth. A 500 ft permeable rock seawall (called kuapā in Hawaiian) was added along the shoreline to enclose about 7 acre of fertile brackish water. The wall was about 4 ft wide and stood about 4 ft above high tide, with two lashed-pole sluice gates (called mākāhā) that allowed little fish in but kept bigger fish from escaping. The name Huilua, which can be translated join-twice, may refer to the two gates. The favorite type of fish in the pond were amaama (flathead grey mullet), which reproduce in the ocean but can live in either fresh, brackish, or salt water.</p><br>
<p>Many Hawaiian fishponds were built between about the early 1400s and early 1600s. They were especially numerous in large expanses of shallow sea, such as Kāneʻohe Bay and Pearl Harbor. Each fishpond had a pondkeeper (kiai loko) who lived nearby and oversaw its maintenance. Sam Pua Haaheo was the pondkeeper for Huilua from 1924, just after the 1923 tsunami, until 1946, when another tsunami hit. The fishpond suffered further tsunami damage in 1957 and 1960. The most recent restoration work began in 1993 as a cooperative project between the State Park service and Friends of Kahana, an organization of local residents.</p><br>
<p>Derham Hall and Our Lady of Victory Chapel are administrative and religious buildings, respectively, at St. Catherine University in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. Derham Hall was built from 1903 to 1904 and Our Lady of Victory Chapel was constructed in 1923. The two buildings were jointly listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 for their local significance in the themes of architecture, education, and religion. They were nominated for being the core buildings of Minnesota&#39;s oldest Catholic liberal arts college for women, with well-preserved collegiate architecture of their respective eras.</p><br>
<h2>Derham Hall</h2><br>
<p>Derham Hall is the oldest building at St. Catherine University, formerly known as the College of St. Catherine. It was named for Hugh Derham of Rosemount, Minnesota, who donated $20,000 to construct the building. Derham Hall originally housed Derham Hall High School, an all-girls Catholic high school, until 1962; that school later merged to become Cretin-Derham Hall High School in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Our Lady of Victory Chapel</h2><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victory Chapel was completed in 1924, under the direction of Mother Antonia McHugh, who helped found St. Catherine in 1905 and served as its leader for more than 30 years. The Chapel was dedicated on October 7, 1924, and rededicated following renovation on May 1, 1958. It was designed by H.A. Sullwold in the Romanesque Revival style and influenced by the Church of St. Trophime in Arles, Provence, France.</p><br>
<p>The entrance features friezes depicting Christ, the Twelve Apostles and the Universitys patron saint, St. Catherine of Alexandria. The statues of the saints are a kind of Whos Who of St. Catherine University (also known as St. Kates) circa 1924. St. Anthony of Padua is there to evoke Mother Antonia herself; the image of St. Augustine of Canterbury honors Austin Dowling, the Archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis in 1924. St. Joseph is present in his role as patron of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Carondelet, and St. John recalls the great John Ireland, the archbishop presiding when St. Kates was first conceived. St. Teresa of Avila is there because the Sisters of St. Joseph, founders of St. Kate&#39;s, became a congregation on her feast day. Thérèse of Lisieux is on the portal because Mother Antonia was passionate about the cause of her canonization. (Thérèse became a saint just a year after the Chapel was completed.)</p><br>
<p>The stained-glass panel behind the altar depicts Christ the King. The ornate tile designs throughout the Chapel reflect symbols of Christianity and the humanities. The barrel vault ceiling reaches a height of 126 ft.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Victory offers sacred liturgy and a place for reflection and prayer. In addition to St. Catherine University&#39;s Opening Mass of the Holy Spirit and Baccalaureate liturgy and hooding ceremony, annual events include Advent Vespers, major feast celebrations, and initiation rituals for social work, physical therapy and nursing students.</p><br>
<p>The E. H. Hobe House or Solheim  was built in 1897 by Engelbrecht H. Hobe, a Norwegian immigrant, who worked for the newspaper Nordvesten, was a lumber dealer, steam-ship agent, and who became Vice-Consul, then Consul to the Norwegian-Swedish Kingdoms. The Victorian home was visited by Swedish King Gustav V and Crown Prince Olav and Princess Märtha of Norway. In 1918, Hobe purchased the Phillip J. Reilly house in St. Paul , and thereafter used Solheim primarily as a summer home. The estate on Bald Eagle Lake was designed by Minneapolis architect Carl F. Struck.</p><br>
<p>The Hokukano-Ualapue Complex is a National Historic Landmarked pre-contact archaeological site on several properties adjacent to Hawaii Route 450 in Ualapue, on Molokaʻi island. The complex includes six heiaus and two fishponds. The complex is one of the most important collections of native Hawaiian sites in Hawaiʻi. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962 and added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<h2>Iliili&#39;ōpae Heiau</h2><br>
<p>The largest and most impressive of the six heiau in the complex is Iliiliōpae&#39;, the largest heiau on Molokai and the second largest in all Hawaii. It consists of four tiers, rising to a stone platform measuring 287 feet by 87 feet. It is located half a mile north of Highway 450, and can be reached by a track up the Mahulepu valley from the highway near milepost 15.</p><br>
<p>According to legend Iliili&#39;ōpae Heiau was constructed in a single night with boulders passed from hand to hand along a chain of menehune from the Wailau valley on the north shore. A hiking trail from the temple to Wailau has now fallen into disuse and is overgrown.</p><br>
<h2>Fish ponds</h2><br>
<p>The two ponds considered part of this complex are Keawanui Pond and Ualapue Pond. Keawanui Pond is located on the south coast of Molokai, about 1.5 mi west of Ualapue. It is a loko kuapā, or walled pond, which distinctively uses a curved portion of the natural coastline and a small island as part of its isolating barrier. The barrier wall is pierced in several places by sluice gates. The second pond, Ualapue Pond, is located on the shore at the eponymous village, and is also a loko kuapa, the seawall built out of coral and basalt. The wall is 1,575 ft long, 4 ft high, and varies in width from 8 to 19 ft. There are two sluice gates in the wall.</p><br>
<p>The Cook Landing Site in Waimea on Kauai island in Hawaii, is where Captain James Cook landed at the mouth of the Waimea River on January 20, 1778. Cook was the first European reported to have sighted the Hawaiian Islands, and the January 20 landfall on southwestern Kauai was his first arrival upon Hawaiian soil. Cook Landing Site was registered as a National Historic Landmark on December 29, 1962. The landing is principally commemorated at Hofgaard Park, a small county park located near the supposed landing site.</p><br>
<h2>Location and setting</h2><br>
<p>The Cook Landing Site is located on the shore of Waimea Bay in southwestern Kauai, just west of the mouth of the Waimea River. The exact spot where Cook came ashore is unknown, and it is suspected that the land has actually grown since 1778 due to deposition of sediment. The landing site is believed to be close to Lucy Wright Park, across the river from the later Russian Fort Elizabeth, which is preserved in a state park. Hofgaard Park, located one block inland from the shore and one block from the river, contains a statue of Cook, and commemorative plaques marking the event.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The British Royal Navy Captain James Cook (1728–1779) is well known today for his many voyages of discovery and exploration. His third voyage into the Pacific Ocean took him first to the South Pacific, where he charted a number of islands before heading north toward the west coast North America. On January 18, 1778, the expedition sighted Oahu and Kauai, and headed toward the latter island, carried by prevailing winds. The next day, the ships coasted along Kauai&#39;s eastern coast, where they were met by Native Hawaiians who came out in canoes to trade with them. Waimea Bay was identified as a "tolerable" anchorage by a scouting team sent out by Cook, and he anchored there on the afternoon of January 20. Natives congregated "in considerable numbers" on the sandy beach, and Cook came ashore with an armed escort that day and established friendly relations. The next day, he explored up the river valley, taking extensive notes of the people and culture that have since become of considerable ethnographic importance.</p><br>
<p>Cook&#39;s expedition spent two weeks in the islands, with Cook himself also exploring Niihau. The expedition then went on to map the Pacific coast of North America, all the way to the Bering Strait. It then returned to what Cook had dubbed the Sandwich Islands, with Cook being killed by Natives on the Big Island in a conflict over a stolen boat.</p><br>
<p>Kamakahonu, the residence of Kamehameha I, was located at the north end of Kailua Bay in Kailua-Kona on Hawaiʻi Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kamehameha I (also known as Kamehameha the Great), who unified the Hawaiian Islands, lived out the last years of his life and instituted some of the most constructive measures of his reign (1810–1819) here. The residential compound included the personal shrine, Ahuena heiau, of the King. The name means "temple of the burning altar" in the Hawaiian language.</p><br>
<p>His son, the crown prince Liholiho, also lived here, taking the name Kamehameha II. In December 1819, Kalanimoku led an army from here to put down the rebellion of his nephew Kekuaokalani, in the Kuamoo Battle, a few miles to the South.</p><br>
<p>A battery of 18 cannons and large stone walls protected the fortress-like enclosure around several houses.</p><br>
<p>Island Governor "John Adams" Kuakini lived at Kamakahonu. He governed the island when the king was away on state affairs to another island and later when the capitol was moved to Lahaina on the island of Maui in 1820.</p><br>
<p>He later built a Western-style house called Hulihee Palace on the other side of the beach for entertaining visitors.</p><br>
<p>The bay was called Kaiakeakua in ancient times meaning "sea of the god", but is now called Kailua Bay.</p><br>
<p>The name ka maka honu means "the turtle eye" in the Hawaiian Language, after a rock in the shape of a turtle that was located to the left of the present beach.</p><br>
<p>It was here, within a year of the Kamehameha&#39;s death, that the first American Christian missionaries to the Hawaii arrived on April 4, 1820.</p><br>
<p>The rock where Asa Thurston and Hiram Bingham I landed was later called the "Plymouth Rock of Hawaii".</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The point to the north was called Kūkailimoku, which means Kū, the thief of the islands, was named for the war god Kū honored by Kamehameha I. It is now the site of the Kailua lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>The property is now part of King Kamehameha&#39;s Kona Beach Hotel; none of the houses or walls remain. Ahuena heiau was reconstructed in the 1970s and can be viewed, but not entered. Some artifacts can be viewed in the hotel lobby, including a feather cloak and helmet (mahiole). The small sandy beach provides a protected beach for launching canoes, and children swimming. The first Hotel was built here in 1950, and the current one constructed in 1975. In 2009, the hotel was renovated, and a museum and cultural center added.</p><br>
<p>The famous rock was covered over by construction of the pier, and much of the beach was destroyed to construct a seawall for Alii drive in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Cattle pens on the pier were used until 1966. When the deeper harbor was built at Kawaihae cargo traffic moved there.</p><br>
<p>This area is the start and finish of the Ironman World Championship Triathlon.</p><br>
<p>CINCPAC Fleet Headquarters, also known as Commander in Chief Pacific Fleet Headquarters or COMPACFLT Headquarters, is a historic military building on Makalapa Drive in Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam, on the island of Oahu in the US state of Hawaii. Built during World War II in 1942, it served as the headquarters of Admiral Chester W. Nimitz from 1942 through 1945, while he was Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Fleet and Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas, during World War II. Commanding land, sea, and air forces, Admiral Nimitz had major responsibility for campaigns such as the Battle of Midway, the liberation of Guam, and the seizure of Saipan and Tinian in the Marianas. It was designated a National Historic Landmark for this role in 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The CINCPAC Fleet Headquarters building is located in the portion of Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam that is between Interstate H1 to the east and the Kamehameha Highway. It is set on the north side of Makalapa Drive, overlooking the lower reaches of Halawa Stream. It is a reinforced concrete structure, three stories in height and measuring about 60 x. Its lower floor functions as a basement, and was bombproof by design when built. The upper floors are ringed by lanais, eliminating the need for indoor corridors.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1942, as part of a massive wartime construction program at Pearl Harbor. The Makalapa area, where it stands, was developed to house many thousands of naval personnel en route to assignments in the Pacific War. The Navy&#39;s plans included three non-residential buildings: this headquarters building, and two nearby that housed intelligence and communications facilities. Admiral Chester Nimitz occupied an office in this building until 1945, when he relocated his headquarters to Guam to more closely manage the later stages of the war.</p><br>
<p>The building now serves again as the headquarters of the US Navy Pacific Fleet.</p><br>
<p>Seven Chimneys, also known as the Nicholas Zabriskie House, was built between 1745 and 1750 by Nicholas Zabriskie, an early Dutch settler in the Hudson Valley. It is the oldest house in Washington Township, Bergen County, New Jersey. The house was used as a stop on the Underground Railroad. Seven Chimneys was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Seven Chimneys was built between 1745 and 1750 by Nicholas Zabriskie, and was part of a 500 acre farm. The house is noted on the Erkine maps used by George Washington&#39;s army. For its first 158 years, Seven Chimneys remained part of the Zabriskie and extended Zabriskie family, claiming the Ackermans, Harings, and Van Emburghs as its residents, all prominent families in the area and in local history.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, William B. Howland, publisher of the Independent and Outlook. purchased Seven Chimneys as his country house. During the summers 1915 to 1917, Theodore Roosevelt visited, where he stayed in the west wing and wrote articles for Howland&#39;s publications.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, Willie Curtis Foster purchased Seven Chimneys from William Howland&#39;s son. For the next 45 years, Seven Chimneys was a working farm.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the Fosters sold Seven Chimneys to the Reid construction company, which built the neighborhood around it. The neighborhood&#39;s cul-de-sac, Chimney Ridge Court, is named after the distinct seven chimneys of the home.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, Francis and Mary Burde purchased Seven Chimneys and lived there until 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Seven Chimneys is one of a dozen or so remaining examples of the original Dutch settler style located throughout the Hudson Valley region of New Jersey and lower New York state.</p><br>
<p>The foundation of Seven Chimneys is built of rough stone and lime mortar. The handcut beam frame of the original house is constructed without nails, utilizing pegged mortise and tenon joints. The exterior is constructed of hand-chiseled Hudson River sandstone. Typical of the Dutch construction of this time period, the stone is cut and finished on three sides, and unfinished, rough sandstone on the north. The north and south entrances feature matching split Dutch doors. Interior lath walls are finished with horse hair and plaster. Floors are random, original growth pine ranging from 12 to 22 in in width fastened with handmade square nails. In 1770, the left and right wings were added. In 1812, the second story was added, which might explain its Federal style roof line, uncommon to Dutch houses of this period.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, a great room addition to the east wing was added, joining the detached slave kitchen to the rest of the house.</p><br>
<p>Outbuildings at Seven Chimneys include a working wellhouse and 300 ft well, and a smokehouse thought to have been built sometime in the late 17th or early 18th century.</p><br>
<p>Kāneaka Hōlua Slide which is better known today as the Keauhou Hōlua Slide is located in Keauhou  on the island of Hawaii. It is the largest historical hōlua course left in the islands. Hōlua slides were used in the extremely dangerous activity of sliding across solidified lava surface.</p><br>
<p>Though many had believed for years that this ritualistic practice was restricted to the alii class of men, this is not the case. The majority of oral and written histories of heʻehōlua prior to missionary/western influence was inclusive of the female as well as the male nobility of ancient Hawaii. Contrary to popular belief, heʻehōlua was widely practiced among all the Kanaka Maoli community throughout the Kingdom. This particular hōlua course was primarily used for ritualistic purposes, but perhaps there were times when it was openly used. There are several burials found throughout the slide area suggesting that injuries and death were common when sliding down this particular course. The remaining length of the slide is approx. 2,600 ft long, of the original length which was said to be over 5,280 ft long. The slide course ended on the shoreline at Heʻeia Bay. Small portions of the hōlua course are still remain on the shoreline at the end of the hōlua slide where the waves meet the rock coastline. When constructed it was first layered with large slabs of pāhoehoe lava with smaller and smaller lava material added until the kahua hōlua was finished off with a fine ash surface to cover those larger pieces of lava rock. When in use, it was covered lightly with pili grass to provide a medium surface to minimize the friction between the papahōlua and lava rock surface during the practice of heʻehōlua. Today, there is one other usable kahua hōlua slide that was constructed in 2011 and is located at Turtle Bay Resort. Other than that heʻehōlua is practiced today in pastures on the high slopes of Hawaiʻi Island and Maui, as well as on groomed grass hills throughout Hawaiʻi.</p><br>
<p>The Kāneaka Hōlua Slide was connected to the Makahiki games. It can be seen from Alii Highway, across from the Kona Country Club golf course clubhouse. The slide originally went into Heʻeia Bay, but the part below the road was destroyed and is now used by a golf course and vacation homes. The preserved parts above the road are best viewed from the air, e.g. satellite images at 19&deg;33&prime;44.43&Prime;N latitude, 155&deg;57&prime;30.5&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>This area was used by the royal families such as the King Kamehameha III and King David Kalākaua.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s trees and shrubs were encroaching on the sides of the slide, and sections had settled due to earthquakes. It was added to the list of National Historic Landmarks in Hawaii on December 29, 1962, and added to the National Register of Historic Places listings on the island of Hawaii on October 15, 1966.</p><br>
<p>A small museum at the nearby Keauhou Shopping Center includes a reproduction of a hōlua sled and more information about the other historic sites in the area.</p><br>
<p>Kaunolū Village Site is located on the south coast of the island of Lānaʻi. This former fishing village, abandoned in the 1880s, is the largest surviving ruins of a prehistoric Hawaiian village. The archaeological site is very well preserved and covers almost every phase of Hawaiian culture. It was designated a USA National Historic Landmark in 1962 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>The site consists of two historical villages straddling Kaunolū Gulch, a dry stream bed subject to occasional flash floods after rainstorms at higher elevations. The village on the western side was named Kaunolū; the one on the eastern side was called Keāliakapu. The land is parched, with little fresh water, but the sheltered bay at the end of the gulch offers access to rich fishing in the deep seas below the high cliffs along the south coast of the island. Ancient Hawaiian bone lures used to troll for pelagic fish were found in Ulaula Cave, a small lava tube near the village.</p><br>
<p>King Kamehameha I frequently enjoyed fishing here. His house platform lies directly across the gulch from Halulu Heiau, high on the edge of a cliff above the bay. Between 1778 and 1810, he is said to have held ceremonies at this heiau (probably a luakini war/sacrifice heiau). During the late 18th century, Maui high chief Kahekili, a rival of Kamehameha, also used to visit here. Near the heiau is a notch in the cliff called Kahekili&#39;s Leap, where he is said to have ordered his warriors to dive into the sea below to prove their courage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Shadyside Presbyterian Church is a large congregation of the Presbyterian Church  in an historic section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. Located at the corner of Amberson Avenue and Westminster Place in the Shadyside neighborhood of the city of Pittsburgh, the Shadyside Presbyterian Church was founded in 1866 as a congregation in the Presbyterian denomination. It has enjoyed a long history of local, national, and global recognition for its outreach, missions, and music. Distinctively formal, traditional, and liturgical, worship services are described as "Reformed and Reverential" with nods to the congregations ancestral heritage in the Church of Scotland. The principal worship service is held at eleven oclock on Sunday mornings.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Shadyside Church building, the congregations third, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a prime example of Richardsonian Romanesque architecture. It was completed in 1890 to designs of American architectural firm Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, the successor firm to H.H. Richardsons office. The resulting design heavily echoes that of Richardsons Trinity Church in Boston. The interior of the church underwent several alterations during its first forty-eight years; what is largely seen in the worship space today dates from a major renovation undertaken in 1938. Elements of note include windows by the Gorham Company of New York, Tiffany & Company of New York, and Rudy Brothers of Pittsburgh; intricately carved stone and woodwork throughout, and a prominent Byzantine mosaic by Rudolf Scheffler which fills the chancel apse. The church is built in the Protestant "auditorium-style" popular in the late nineteenth century, a result of stout transepts and a large, central lantern tower which form a Greek cross in plan. The buildings dominating pyramidal roof, adorned with four dormers (architecturally referred to as "witches hat"), features prominently in the neighborhood skyline.</p><br>
<p>Building Dimensions</p><br>
<p>Extreme Length (rose window to apse)=127 feet</p><br>
<p>Extreme Width of Transepts=85 feet</p><br>
<p>Height of Transepts=40 feet</p><br>
<p>Length and Width of Lantern Tower=52 feet</p><br>
<p>Height of Nave=62 feet</p><br>
<p>Grade line to Pinnacle=100 feet</p><br>
<p>Seating Capacity=900 persons</p><br>
<p>First and Second Churches</p><br>
<p>Built on land gifted by Thomas Aiken, the first Shadyside church was built to Aiken&#39;s designs. Work began in 1866 and was completed in 1867. By the early 1870s, the first building proved too small and plans were made for a second, larger building on the same site. Despite an economic depression in 1873, a second church was built to the plans of James H. Windrom of Philadelphia. Ground was broken in 1874 and the new building dedicated in 1875 with the first church building being retained for use as a chapel. With seating for 700 to 800, the second church was "English Decorated Gothic" in style and included a tower with spire which rose 140 feet into the sky.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1880s, the second building was deemed too small for the growing congregation. Underground seepage of water from springs in the hillside caused some of the walls and tower to be determined unsafe. On April 8, 1888, the second church was declared unsafe for use and the congregation voted to replace the structure with a new church and chapel, engaging the firm Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge of Boston.</p><br>
<p>Additions and Renovations</p><br>
<p>The first addition to the new Shadyside church was its chapel, completed two years after the church in 1892. The gallery and narthex were renovated in 1920 as a memorial to Wallace H. Rowe.</p><br>
<p>A Parish Hall was added to the northeast side of the church in 1953 to the plans of the Pittsburgh firm of Hoffman and Crumpton. The addition included a gathering hall-gymnasium, stage, classrooms, and kitchen.</p><br>
<p>An addition known as the "Scharfe Wing" was built in 1981 to the north of the Amberson Avenue entrance. It included restrooms and a large space designated for education. In 2009, the congregation undertook substantial renovations to all spaces except the main sanctuary. The five-phase project included office renovations, enclosing the existing exterior cloister and atrium, and converting the 1953 gathering hall-gymnasium to a formal Parish Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 2023, after several years of roof leaks and crumbling tiles, the monumental task of replacing the 1890 slate roof was begun, a project which lasted ten months. The replacement roof with lifespan of 75-100 years renews the dark slate of the original roof.</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>Throughout its long history, the church has been served by a succession of notable preachers, including Hugh Thomson Kerr, Sr., Robert Cleveland Holland, Howard C. Scharfe, and F. Morgan Roberts. In 1916, during his pastorate, Hugh Thomson Kerr, Sr. penned the text for the well-known hymn, "God of Our Life, Through All the Circling Years" set to the tune Sandon. Between 2003 and 2012, the congregation had as its senior pastor M. Craig Barnes, noted author and speaker, and professor at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, until his election as president of Princeton Theological Seminary. The Rev. John Allan Dalles, a well-known hymn writer, Pittsburgh native, and graduate of Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, was the churchs Interim Senior Minister and Head of Staff, 2019–2021. The current pastor, the twelfth in the churchs history, is the Reverend Austin Crenshaw Shelley.</p><br>
<p>Senior Pastorates of the Shadyside Presbyterian Church:</p><br>
<p>William Trimble Beatty, D.D. (1867-1881)</p><br>
<p>John Morville Richmond, D.D. (1881-1888)</p><br>
<p>Richard Sill Holmes, D.D. (1890-1904)</p><br>
<p>J. Kinsey Smith, D.D. (1905-1910)</p><br>
<p>Hugh Thomson Kerr, D.D., L.L.D., S.T.D. (1913-1945)</p><br>
<p>Howard Carman Scharfe, D.D., L.L.D. (1945-1971)</p><br>
<p>Robert Cleveland Holland, D.D., D.H.L., D.Litt. (1972-1983)</p><br>
<p>F. Morgan Roberts, D.D., D.H.L. (1985-1994)</p><br>
<p>Peter Corey Bower, D.Min. (1996-1998)</p><br>
<p>M. Craig Barnes, Ph.D. (2003-2012)</p><br>
<p>Conrad C. Sharps, D.H.L. (2014-2018)</p><br>
<p>Austin Crenshaw Shelley, Ph.D. cand. (2021-present)</p><br>
<h2>World Communion Sunday and Radio Ministry</h2><br>
<p>It was at Shadyside Church in 1933 that the now global practice of celebrating World Communion Sunday on the first Sunday in October was originated, under the leadership of the Rev. Hugh Thomson Kerr. A commemorative medal was installed in the chancel floor as a memorial to elder C. Stanton Belfour (1906-1969). Shadyside also was the first church anywhere to pioneer regular radio broadcasts of its worship services on KDKA radio and was the first church to broadcast worship services to both the North Pole and to the South Pole.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>The music program, under the direction of Dr. Mark A. Anderson, is renowned for its semi-professional Chancel Choir, four-manual Reuter pipe organ, and celebrated concert series,. Several album recordings are available through the church office.</p><br>
<p>Directors of Music</p><br>
<p>Robert Pitcairn (1867-1869)</p><br>
<p>Unknown (1869-1882)</p><br>
<p>J.P. McCollum (1882-1890)</p><br>
<p>Samuel M. Brown (1891)</p><br>
<p>Joseph Gittings (1902-1906)</p><br>
<p>William H. Oetting (1906-1911)</p><br>
<p>Herman H. Fleer (1911-1917)</p><br>
<p>Walter Wild (1917-1919)</p><br>
<p>Earl Mitchell (1919-1935)</p><br>
<p>Russell G. Wichmann (1936-1987)</p><br>
<p>J. David Hart (1987-1991)</p><br>
<p>Dudley Oakes, interim (1991-1992)</p><br>
<p>John C. Walker (1992-2004)</p><br>
<p>J. Christopher Pardini (2004-2010)</p><br>
<p>Curt Scheib, interim (2010-2011)</p><br>
<p>Mark A. Anderson (2011-present)</p><br>
<h2>Organs</h2><br>
<p>The Reuter organ, Op. 2175 (1994), occupying the chancel today is the congregation&#39;s fifth instrument. Significant tonal and restoration work was completed 2020-2023. Previous instruments include:</p><br>
<p>Hook and Hastings (1875; built for second church - 3 manuals, 23 stops, 27 ranks)</p><br>
<p>Kimball, Op. 475 (1903; rebuild of Hook and Hastings)</p><br>
<p>Skinner, Op. 585 (1926; modified in 1937 - 4 manuals, 45 stops, 44 ranks)</p><br>
<p>Möller, Op. 9030 (1957; 4 manuals, 77 stops, 67 ranks)</p><br>
<p>Möller, Op. A-9030 (1973; Gallery addition - 2 manuals, 29 stops, 27 ranks)</p><br>
<p>Möller, R-202 (1990; rebuild of Op. 9030 - 4 manuals, 84 stops, 85 ranks)</p><br>
<p>Reuter, Op. 2175 (1994; 4 manuals, 170 stops, 105 ranks)</p><br>
<p>Chapel Organs</p><br>
<p>Möller, Op. 10264 (1966)</p><br>
<p>Walker Digital (2003)</p><br>
<h2>Educational Foundings</h2><br>
<p>Members of the Shadyside Presbyterian Church founded two East End education institutions. Chatham University began as the Pennsylvania Female College on February 23, 1869, founded by Dr. William Trimble Beatty, first pastor, Thomas and David Aiken, Joseph Dilworth, John Renshaw, Alfred Harrison, Alexander Chambers, William B. Negley, and William O&#39;Hara Scully. The Shady Side Academy sprouted from the visions of Dr. John Morville Richmond, second pastor, and Dr. William R. Crabbe, first principal, in 1883. Camp Crestview (now Camp Crestfield) was established as a religious educational camp in 1946 from a bequeathment by Miss Margaret Pfeil by Dr. Hugh Thomson Kerr.</p><br>
<h2>Local Missions Supported</h2><br>
<p>Shadyside Presbyterian Church has served as benefactor or as a "mother church" to the following congregations and enterprises:</p><br>
<p>Brentwood Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>East End Cooperative Ministry</p><br>
<p>Grace Memorial Presbyterian Church, Hill District</p><br>
<p>Herron Avenue Presbyterian Church (non-extant)</p><br>
<p>John Knox Presbyterian Church, Scott Twp.</p><br>
<p>McKees Rocks Mission</p><br>
<p>Oakland Presbyterian Church (non-extant)</p><br>
<p>Penn Hills Presbyterian Church (now Mt. Hope)</p><br>
<p>Pleasant Hills Community Presbyterian Church</p><br>
<p>Providence Presbyterian Church, North Side (non-extant)</p><br>
<p>Westminster Presbyterian Church, Upper St. Clair</p><br>
<p>Shadyside-Walnut Street Project</p><br>
<p>South Side Presbyterian Church and Community Center</p><br>
<p>Trinity Presbyterian Church, East Liberty (non-extant)</p><br>
<h2>Notable Historical Figures</h2><br>
<p>Marcus W. Acheson, American judge</p><br>
<p>Thomas Aiken, first architect of Shadyside Church</p><br>
<p>Paul R. Anderson, President of Chatham College</p><br>
<p>Edward V. Babcock, 45th Mayor of Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>John G. Bowman, Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>William R. Crabbe, first principal of Shady Side Academy</p><br>
<p>Stanton C. Crawford, Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>Annie Dillard, American author</p><br>
<p>Edward D. Eddy, President of Chatham College</p><br>
<p>Rufus H. Fitzgerald, Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>Howard Heinz, Heinz family of Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>, Dean of Chatham College</p><br>
<p>William B. Negley, lawyer and Civil War major</p><br>
<p>Samuel B. McCormick, Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>Robert Pitcairn, American businessman</p><br>
<p>William H. Rea, President of the Board of Public Education of Pittsburgh</p><br>
<p>James H. Reed, American Judge</p><br>
<p>Wallace H. Rowe, first president of Pittsburgh Steel Co.</p><br>
<p>Richard Thornburgh, Governor of Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Leslie Worthington, 8th president of USA Steel</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Belfour, Stanton. The Centennial History of The Shadyside Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh: Shadyside Presbyterian Church, 1966.</p><br>
<p>Engleman, Timothy C. Evidence of Things Not Seen: Architecture & Christian Symbolism at Shadyside Presbyterian Church. Shadyside Presbyterian Church, 2010.</p><br>
<p>Engleman, Timothy C. Liturgy: A Reflection On Shadyside Presbyterian Church. Shadyside Presbyterian Church, 2016.</p><br>
<p>Loʻaloʻa Heiau is located in Kaupo on Maui. It is one of the few remaining intact examples of a large luakini heiau . Once the center of an important cultural complex, oral tradition attributes the construction of the temple at about 1730 AD to Kekaulike, King of Maui, who lived at Kaupo and died in 1736. Its site number is HASS-50-MA-A28-1. It was excavated in 1931. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Loʻaloʻa Heiau is located in a remote rural setting of southeastern Maui, at the small community of Kaupo. It is located on private land upland from Hawaii Route 31. The heiau is a three-tiered stone platform, built on a small hill. Its apparent measurements are about 115 x, but there is damage at one end that precludes an accurate determination of its size without further archaeological work. The eastern end of the platform is believed to be where the ceremonial functions took place, and has terraced retaining walls as high as 20 ft. The western portion of the platform has been significantly disturbed, with virtually no pavement and pit holes from which trees grow. There are secondary structures around some of the edges, and it is possible that the full site (including support facilities for the temple&#39;s ceremonial functions) is much larger.</p><br>
<p>Loʻaloʻa Heiau is a well-preserved example of a state-level temple. In particular, the site&#39;s features and known oral history suggest that it includes multiple phases in the evolution of Hawaiian religious practices prior to the arrival of outsiders. At the time of European contact in the late 18th century, the Kaupo area supported a population of about 1,000. When Kamehameha I united the island chain into a single kingdom in the early 19th century, the importance of Kaupo as a civic and ceremonial center declined.</p><br>
<p>The Bank Building was a historic commercial building located at 40-44 South Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Until its destruction by fire in 2013, it was the best-preserved of Uxbridge&#39;s 19th century commercial buildings. It was built in 1895–96, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bank Building was located near the southern end of Uxbridge&#39;s commercial center, on the east side of South Main Street roughly opposite Town Hall. It was three stories in height, built out of red brick with granite, wooden, and cast iron trim elements. It was covered by a low-pitch hip roof with an unadorned cornice above an entablature. The ground floor consisted of two storefronts flanking a central building entrance, where each storefront had a recessed entrance flanked by plate glass display windows. At either end of these windows were cast iron columns with Corinthian capitals. The first floor was separated from the second by a wooden cornice and granite stringcourse. The upper floors were divided into seven bays, articulated by brick piers. Some of the bays had single sash windows, while the others had two. Decorative brickwork panels separated the second and third-floor windows.</p><br>
<p>The building was built in 1895–96, and housed commercial storefronts on the ground floor, offices on the second, and a large meeting space on the third floor. Its first tenants were the Blackstone National Bank and the Uxbridge Savings Bank, who had both previously occupied the Capron Building, which burned in 1896. The building was essentially destroyed and then razed following a July 2013 fire.</p><br>
<p>The Francis Deane Cottage is an historic house located at 52 North Main Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The story wood-frame house was built c. 1845–55, most likely for its first occupant, a local lawyer named Francis Deane. The house is a well preserved local instance of Greek Revival styling, with a pedimented gable that projects over a porch that is supported by Doric columns. The main entry is framed by sidelight windows and panelled stiles, and is topped by a decorative panel.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The George Carpenter House is a historic house located at 53 South Main Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Built c. 1815–25, this two-story brick building is an excellent local example of high-style Federal architecture. The nearly square building has a hip roof with interior end wall chimneys. Its front entry is set beneath an elliptical arch supported by colonnettes. Its owner, George Carpenter, was a manufacturer of textile processing machinery.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, where it is listed at 67 South Main.</p><br>
<p>The George Taft House is a historic house at 153 Richardson Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The two-story timber-frame house was built in c. 1810.</p><br>
<p>Taft Benson, Sr, a famous Mormon Pioneer, lived in the house from 1817 to 1835. It is a well-preserved example of Federal-style architecture, expressed mainly in its door surround, which includes pilasters and a broken pedimented gable above a half-round transom window. In the middle of the 19th century it was the home of George Washington Taft, a farmer and local state representative.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Granite Store is a historic building located at 110 Hecla Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>This story granite building was constructed c. 1850–60, and may have been built by the Spaulding Company, who owned the nearby mill complex. It is distinctive locally as a granite structure in a residential area of predominantly wood-frame houses, and for its uses as a company store and meeting space (above). The building has since been converted to residential use.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Israel Southwick House is an historic house located at 76 Mendon Street , in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The story wood-frame house was built c. 1860–65, and is a good local example of Italianate styling, with Queen Anne elements added c. 1890. The main facade is three bays, with a center entry that has an elaborate colonnaded porch with a gable front roof. Above the entry is a Palladian window with a small half-round window surmounting the central of three relatively narrow windows. There is a gable-roof dormer with three windows above. To the left of the entry is a single story porch that has been enclosed, and a rounded corner porch extends to the right of the entry.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, where it is listed at 70 Mendon Street.</p><br>
<p>The J. Kensley House is an historic house located at 342 Chestnut Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The story brick house was built c. 1820, and is an excellent local example of Federal styling. The house has a central chimney, and an asymmetrical facade, whose center entry retains its original door. The house remained in the Kensley family  until the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as the J. Kensely House.</p><br>
<p>The Cape May Historic District is an area of 380 acre with over 600 buildings in the resort town of Cape May, Cape May County, New Jersey. The city claims to be America&#39;s first seaside resort and has numerous buildings in the Late Victorian style, including the Eclectic, Stick, and Shingle styles, as well as the later Bungalow style, many with gingerbread trim. According to National Park Service architectural historian Carolyn Pitts, "Cape May has one of the largest collections of late 19th century frame buildings left in the United States... that give it a homogeneous architectural character, a kind of textbook of vernacular American building."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The City of Cape May sits at the south end of Cape May Peninsula which divides the Atlantic Ocean from the Delaware Bay. Cape May Point, about two miles west of the City of Cape May, borders the Bay, while Cape May City borders the Ocean. Cape Island Creek, a tidal "creek" and marsh, originally divided the site of the city from the rest of Cape May, but its southern end has long been covered with landfill. The Cape May Canal, built in 1942, now divides both Cape May City and Cape May Point from the rest of the peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>History of Cape May</h2><br>
<p>Cape May was first discovered by Europeans by Henry Hudson on August 28, 1609. He landed on the shore of Delaware Bay a few miles north of Cape May Point before returning to the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>Cornelius Mey explored the area further in 1621 for the Dutch West India Company and by May, 1630 Samuel Godyn and Samuel Blommaert bought land for the Dutch from Native Americans covering the southern four miles of the Cape.</p><br>
<p>In 1632 the Dutch established a fishing and whaling settlement in the area, but by 1638 colonists from New England had moved in. By the 1660s the English gained control and Daniel Coxe, a London Quaker, organized a government in 1687.</p><br>
<p>Early settlers worked in the lumber, shipbuilding, whaling, fishing and shellfish industries. A road along the coast built in 1796 helped establish the hamlet of Cape May.</p><br>
<p>The early emergence of Cape May as a summer resort was due to easy transport by water from Philadelphia to the Atlantic Ocean. Early Cape May vacationers were carried to the town on sloops from Philadelphia, and water transport was also easy from New York, Baltimore, Washington, D.C. and points south. Southerners later became a large proportion of summer vacationers. The resort business in Cape May began to thrive when regular steamboat traffic on the Delaware River began after the War of 1812, carrying passengers from Philadelphia and New Castle, Delaware. Commodore Stephen Decatur made his summer home at the Atlantic Hotel about this time. The predecessor of the Congress Hall Hotel was opened in 1816 by Thomas Hughes. It took its current name in 1828, when Hughes was elected to Congress. In 1830 a visitor wrote that</p><br>
<p>Early visitors included Henry Clay in 1847, and possibly Abraham Lincoln in 1849. Serving Presidents who visited included Franklin Pierce (1855), James Buchanan (1858), Ulysses Grant (1873), Chester Arthur (1883), and Benjamin Harrison (1889). Harrison made Congress Hall his Summer White House. From the 1850s through the 1880s up to 3,000 visitors arrived each day during the summer season. Newport, Rhode Island, Saratoga Springs, New York and Long Branch, New Jersey were the towns main rivals in the summer resort business, as Cape Mays reputation rose and fell with the whims of fashion.</p><br>
<p>During the 1850s summer cottages were first built and the construction of large hotels continued. Thomas U. Walter, the Architect of the Capitol, designed an addition to the Columbia Hotel. The Mount Vernon Hotel, which was designed to be the largest hotel in the world burned down in 1856, however, before its completion. Competition from Atlantic City appeared in 1854 with the construction of the Camden and Atlantic Railroad. Cape May was not connected to Philadelphia by rail until the completion of the Cape May & Millville Railroad in the mid-1860s.</p><br>
<p>Architect Stephen Decatur Button began designing buildings in Cape May in 1863 when he remodeled and expanded the Columbia Hotel. During the next thirty years he designed over forty buildings in the town. His best known buildings there include the John McCreary House (1869–70), Jackson&#39;s Clubhouse (1872), the Stockton Cottages (1872), the Windsor Hotel (1879) and the Atlantic Terrace Houses (1891–92). Plans for the George Allen House are believed to have been taken from a pattern book by Samuel Sloan. Architect Frank Furness is believed to have designed the Emlen Physick Estate, but may have otherwise visited Cape May only as a vacationer. Otherwise most of the buildings were built and designed by local builders in the vernacular style, borrowing from older buildings, pattern books and fashionable architects alike.</p><br>
<p>Several fires destroyed portions of the town and the mostly wooden, frame-built houses. The fire of 1878 destroyed about half the town, but many buildings were quickly rebuilt. This fire gave a particular boost to Buttons career, and many of the local builders appear to have copied Buttons style at this time. These newer buildings were built with gingerbread trim, gables and turrets.</p><br>
<p>From about 1900-1920 larger bungalows and mansions were built, especially on Beach Avenue on the eastern end of town. Having lost its transportation advantage with the coming of the railroad and the automobile, Cape May fell out of fashion as a popular resort. Atlantic City became the popular New Jersey beach resort in the 1920s and in the 1950s and 1960s the automobile-oriented Wildwoods, just north of Cape May, became a strong competitor, with its own distinctive architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970, and then listed as a National Historic Landmark District in 1976. The NRHP nomination form does not include an inventory of the buildings in the district, but rather refers to about 20 buildings that were documented by drawings or photographs by the Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS). HABS now lists about 70 buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>Architectural historians George E. Thomas and Carl Doebley list 100 significant buildings in their 1976 book Cape May, Queen of the Seaside Resorts: Its History and Architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Selected contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Contributing properties in the district include the following. Construction dates may be approximate. T&D reference gives the reference number from George E. Thomas and Carl Doebleys book with Roman numerals indicating the more significant buildings, and Arabic numerals the less significant buildings. Both lists are ordered by approximate date of construction. HABS reference links to the buildings page in the Historic American Buildings Survey at the Library of Congress.</p><br>
<p>Brea City Hall Park, in Brea, California, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Brea City Hall, designed by architect Allen Ruott, is combination of Art Deco and Spanish Colonial Revival in styling and was built in 1928.</p><br>
<p>It included a public library as well as the site for the Brea Police Department and jail.</p><br>
<p>The site is located near the original Downtown Brea and is one of the city&#39;s oldest remaining structures.</p><br>
<p>An American Legion Hall, built in 1931, is another contributing building in the listing.</p><br>
<p>The building has been restored and is now home to the Brea Lions Scout Center. The agreement was approved by the City Council in 1994. The City of Brea provided $200,000 and the Brea Lion Scout Foundation added $168,000 for the first phase.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities</h2><br>
<p>A bathhouse and swimming pool and the surrounding park were also all designed by Ruott, as a unit. According to the NRHP nomination, the "use by Ruott in the 1920s of Art Deco/Spanish Revival styling for civic architecture constitutes a major landmark in the small-scale urban environment of Brea and Orange County."</p><br>
<p>The site has been altered slightly since but much of the structure is still in its original state.</p><br>
<p>The park, pool and city hall were funded by a $60,000 bond approved by the municipality in an October 1927 special election.</p><br>
<p>The pool, called the "plunge", is a 25-meter municipal pool and is one of the oldest swimming pools in California still in operation.</p><br>
<p>New additions have been made since the construction of the original park which include a basketball court, rose garden, and a playground which have been constructed since the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Union Oil company purchased 1,200 acred of land in 1894 for the purpose of searching for oil. In 1898 the first oil well was installed and lead to the beginning of the oil boom in the hills of the Brea.</p><br>
<p>Brea was incorporated in 1917 and then had 732 citizens.</p><br>
<p>The facilities served, among others, oil field workers and their families who lived in an adjacent neighborhood developed in the 1920s by the Union Oil Company. These home are located to the West of the park and some homes still remain.</p><br>
<p>The site was intended to be the center of local government in the city until the recent opening of a new City Hall and Community Center along with other civic buildings. The planning and construction of the City Hall and Park took place during the time period of the Chicago World&#39;s Fair and influenced city leaders in pushing for civic pride through architecture influenced by the City Beautiful Movement.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>The City of Brea hosts the Country Fair every year at City Hall Park and provides a variety of games, food, rides, and live entertainment</p><br>
<p>A pancake breakfast is held in the morning followed by the fair. Events include a car show, parade, dog show, as well as swimming at the Plunge.</p><br>
<p>The Judson–Taft House is a historic house located at 46 Pleasant Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The story wood-frame house was built c. 1845–55, and is one of Uxbridge&#39;s most elaborate examples of high style Greek Revival design. The house occupies a site overlooking the center of Uxbridge, and its front yard originally extended all the way to Main Street. Its full two-story portico is supported by Doric columns, and its corner boards are pilastered.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places, where it is listed at 30 Pleasant.</p><br>
<p>The N. Williams House is an historic house at 7 Rawson Street  in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. The story wood-frame house was built c. 1845–55, and is one of Uxbridge&#39;s finest Greek Revival houses. It is five bays wide and four deep, with a pair of interior chimneys. It has corner pilasters supporting a full and wide cornice. Windows are set in moulded frames, the main entry is framed by sidelights, pilasters, and a cornice, and there are secondary entrances one the east elevation, one with sidelights and a transom window, the other with a transom window.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Willa Cather House, also known as the Willa Cather Childhood Home, is a historic house museum at 241 North Cedar Street in Red Cloud, Nebraska. Built in 1878, it is the house where author Willa Cather  grew up. Cather&#39;s descriptions of frontier life in Nebraska were an important part of literary canon of the early 20th century. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1971. The house is one of eight structures that make up the Willa Cather State Historic Site, which is owned by the Willa Cather Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Willa Cather House is located just west of downtown Red Cloud, at the southwest corner of North Cedar Street and West 3rd Avenue. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. The front facade is three bays wide, with the entrance in the leftmost bay. A single-story shed-roof porch extends across the front, supported by square wooden posts with a decorative woodwork valance between them. The interior is organized with a parlor in front, dining room and master bedroom behind, and kitchen and a second bedroom at the rear. A narrow stair from the kitchen to the attic is a reconstruction. The rear bedroom was described by Willa Cather as "grandmother&#39;s room" in "Old Mrs. Harris", and the stairs lead to the loft where Cather and her siblings slept. The interior has been furnished and decorated using Cather family artifacts and period items.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1878. Cathers parents moved the family to this house in the spring of 1885, and Cather was resident here until she turned seventeen and left for college. Her parents remained in the house (which they rented) for some years afterward, moving elsewhere in Red Cloud in 1904. Cather was a regular visitor to the town in her lifetime. The house was purchased in 1960 by the Willa Cather Memorial and Educational Foundation, which oversaw its restoration and return to the period of Cathers occupancy. Cather described the years in which she came of age here as influential on her writing, even though most of her writing was done while she lived elsewhere.</p><br>
<p>The William Jennings Bryan House, also known as Fairview, is a historic house museum on Sumner Street in Lincoln, Nebraska, United States. Built in 1902–1903, it is noteworthy as the home of politician William Jennings Bryan , and was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1963. It is located on the Bryan Health hospital campus, and houses museum displays related to Bryan on the ground floor and the William Jennings Bryan Institute on the upper floors.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The William Jennings Bryan House is located near the southeast corner of the Bryan Health campus, on the north side of Sumner Street opposite South 50th Street. The house is a brick building, stories in height, with a combination of Classical Revival and Queen Anne Victorian styling. It has the varied rooflines typical of the latter style, including a two-story square turret at the right front corner, topped by a slightly bellcast pyramidal roof with flared edges. Window sizes and shapes are also varied, with a small Palladian window in one gable section, and a larger one on the second level of the tower.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1902 to a design by Artemus A. Roberts, and is a high-quality example of what was at the time a popular style in Lincoln. It was built for William Jennings Bryan, a Democratic Party politician then at the height of his influence. He was three times an unsuccessful candidate for President of the United States (in 1896, 1900, and 1908), and gave the influential Cross of Gold speech to the 1896 Democratic Party Convention.</p><br>
<p>The house served Bryan as both a private and public space. He hosted numerous gatherings, including political rallies and other public events, and also hosted prominent political figures of the day. In 1921, Bryan donated the house and 10 acre of land to the Nebraska Methodist Conference for use as a hospital. The hospital, now Bryan Health, has grown to surround the house on two sides, obscuring the "fair view" for which Bryan named the property. The hospital at first used the house as a dormitory for nurses in training. Although the building remains in the hospitals ownership, it was restored in 1961 to the period of Bryans occupancy, and opened as a museum operated by the state historical society and the local Junior League.</p><br>
<p>The home was restored in 1994. The upper two floors house the Wm. Jennings Bryan Institute, which consists of three centers: the Center for Bioethics, the Center for Advancing Nursing Practice and the Center for Quality.</p><br>
<p>The Senator George William Norris House is a historic house museum at 706 Norris Avenue in McCook, Nebraska. It was purchased in 1899 by George W. Norris , a Nebraska politician who championed the New Deal of the 1930s and the Rural Electrification Act. It was donated to the Nebraska State Historical Society in 1968 by his wife, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Norris House stands north of downtown McCook, on the west side of Norris Avenue opposite Norris Park, a small public park. The house is stories in height, built out of wood with a stucco exterior and covered by a gabled roof. It is basically rectangular in shape, with shallow two-story gabled projects on either side, and a single-story gabled sunroom on the south side. Gable ends are finished in stucco like the main body, but also have applied Stick style decorative elements. The front entrance is in the rightmost of three bays, in a round-arch opening. The interior is furnished and finished mainly with items belonging to the Norris family.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1899 by Norris, who was then early in his political career. He served five terms in the United States House of Representatives and five as a United States senator, and was an advocate of progressive Republican policies. He supported creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority (whose first dam bears his name), and was a major proponent of the Rural Electrification Act, which helped bring electricity to large parts of the country.</p><br>
<p>Norris died in 1944; his wife gave the property to the state historical society in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Comfort Station No. 68  is a historic visitor services building in Crater Lake National Park in southern Oregon, United States. It was built in 1938 to provide a public toilet and shower facilities for park visitors. It was constructed in the National Park Service Rustic style of architecture, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<p>The Plaza Comfort Station (building 68) is located in Rim Village in Crater Lake National Park. It was built to provide public showers and restrooms for park visitors. It is located on the east side of the Rim Village plaza area.</p><br>
<p>The building is a one-story, wood-frame structure with native stones applied to the exterior. The structure rests on a stone foundation. It has a wooden-shake roof with extended eaves and exposed rafter at each end. Entrances are centered on the gable ends with windows on the north and south side. The original design included a central stone chimney, however, that feature was removed. Despite the alteration, the Plaza Comfort Station retains its original rustic character. Today, it is one of the main buildings in the Rim Village plaza area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On May 22, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt signed the bill making Crater Lake the nations sixth national park. The United States Department of the Interior was charged with developing visitor services in the park. The National Park Service approved a master plan for development of Rim Village in 1927. Implementation of the plan was overseen by the National Park Services Landscape Engineering Division, headed by Thomas C. Vint. Over the next fourteen years, Crater Lakes infrastructure was developed in accordance with the parks master plan. As a result, park buildings from this era reflect a common character consistent with National Park Service&#39;s rustic design style. The Plaza Comfort Station was an element of the master plan.</p><br>
<p>Between 1933 and 1941, the Civilian Conservation Corps maintained two work camps in Crater Lake National Park. Civilian Conservation Corps personnel worked on facility construction projects throughout the park. The Plaza Comfort Station was one of the Rim Village buildings they constructed with the help of park staff. The building was completed in 1938.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Plaza Comfort Station is one of the six main buildings in Rim Village. Five of these are original structures; however, all six reflect the rustic style of architecture which is the common design theme that makes the Rim Village historically unique. Because these structures still reflect the rustic design character of the original National Park Service master plan, Rim Village was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Rim Village is located high in the Cascade Mountains, 7,100 ft above sea level. In the Rim Village area, winter lasts eight months. While access to the Rim Village is normally year-round, the Plaza Comfort Station is only open during the summer months due to the heavy winter snowfall that averages 533 inches (1,354 cm) per year.</p><br>
<p>The W. Aldrich House is an historic house at 180 Henry Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Probably built in 1786, it is a good local example of late Georgian architecture, prominent also as the home of a sawmill owner. On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The W. Aldrich House is located in a rural area of eastern Uxbridge, on the north side of Henry Street near its junction with Hollis Street. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. It is set on a rubblestone foundation capped in concrete. The main facade is five bays wide and slightly asymmetrical, with the entrance skewed slightly right of center. The entrance is flanked by narrow pilasters and topped by a transom window and simple corniced entablature. Windows are replacement rectangular sash; those on the second floor are placed in openings that butt against the eave, a typical Georgian placement.</p><br>
<p>The construction date of this house is unknown with certainty; by stylistic analysis it appears to have been built in the mid- to late-18th century, and its chimney is marked with the date that is either 1786 or 1756. Its owner in 1855 was listed as W. Aldrich, who owned a nearby sawmill and gristmill for many years. Later owners included members of the Henry family, who farmed much of the surrounding land.</p><br>
<p>The R. Farnum House is an historic house located at 22 Oak Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. This story wood-frame house was built c. 1875–80, and is a well-preserved local example of Gothic Revival styling. It has an elaborately decorated front porch, and bargeboard decoration and a pierced apron in the main gable end. The gable details are repeated in gable ends on the north side of the house. Nothing is known about R. Farnum, who was probably from the locally numerous Farnums who settled the area in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Antonio López was a merchant steamship that was built in Scotland in 1882 for the Spanish Compañía Transatlántica Española . A United States Navy auxiliary cruiser sank her in the Spanish–American War when she was trying to run the US blockade to supply materiél to the Spanish garrison on Puerto Rico. She is now the only known Spanish shipwreck in US waters from the war. Her wreck site, in 1,700 ft of water off Dorado, Puerto Rico, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>William Denny and Brothers built Antonio López in Dumbarton, Scotland, launching her on November 8, 1881 and completing her in 1882. Her registered length was, her beam was, her depth was and her tonnages were and. She had a single screw, driven by a two-cylinder compound steam engine that was rated at 634 NHP. CTE named her after its founder Antonio López y López, and registered her at Barcelona.</p><br>
<h2>Loss</h2><br>
<p>In June 1898 Antonio Lopez was bound for San Juan, Puerto Rico from Cádiz. On June 28 two US cruisers fought a squadron of Spanish ships comprising one cruiser, two gunboats and Antonio López, which had a cargo of military supplies. pursued and shelled Antonio Lopez, which ran aground at Ensenada Honda.</p><br>
<p>Claudio López Bru (1853–1925), Antonio López y López son, then owner and president of the company, sent a telegram to the ships captain saying:</p><br>
<p>Es preciso que haga usted llegar el cargamento a Puerto Rico aunque se pierda el barco. (You must get your cargo to Puerto Rico, even if the ship were lost.)</p><br>
<p>Captain Ramón Acha Caamaño was given charge of salvaging the ship&#39;s cargo. His men quickly salved nearly all of it. Only some minor articles and one cannon that had fallen overboard during salvage work were lost.</p><br>
<p>The S.A. Hall House is an historic house located at 147 North Main Street in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. It is a story wood-frame structure, with a cross-gable roof, clapboard and wood shingle siding, and a granite foundation. A three-story square tower stands in a crook at the front of the house, topper by a pyramidal roof with a flared edge and bracketed eave. It has decorative cut shingle work in the gables and in bands between the levels. Its front porch, set in front of the tower, has a decorative bracketed frieze and turned posts. Built c. 1890, it is one of Uxbridge&#39;s finest Queen Anne houses. Its first documented owner  was S. Alonzo Hall, publisher of the Uxbridge Compendium.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The William Hayward House is an historic house located at 77 North Main Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. This story wood-frame house was built in 1876 for William Hayward, a banker and business partner of the locally prominent mill owner Moses Taft. The house is an excellent local example of Italianate styling, although its elaborate porch is a later c. 1900 modification. The property also has a period carriage house in good condition and has been occupied by the George and Louise Kurzon family for 100 years.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Taft Brothers Block is an historic commercial building at 2-8 South Main Street, in Uxbridge, Massachusetts. Prominently located in the town center at the corner of Mendon and Main Streets, it is a three-story brick structure, with modest Late Victorian stylistic embellishments. Its first floor has commercial retail storefronts, while the upper-floor windows are set in openings with granite sills and lintels. Brick corbelling marks the cornice below the flat roof. The upper floor is taller than the other floors, and houses a large auditorium space. It was built in 1896 for Robert and Jacob Taft, operators of a grocery, after the previous building on the site was destroyed by fire.</p><br>
<p>On October 7, 1983, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
